Policies in Portugal

Electricity producers from renewable energy resources ought to follow and comply with a set of different procedures and regulations (put forth by the various institutions that form the Portuguese electricity market) in order to start their operations. The bulk of the regulation and requirements that applies for Small Feed-in Units (UPPs) and medium to large-sized projects can be found in Decree-Law 76/2019, whereas the regulation for self-consumption units and energy communities is laid down in Decree-Law 162/2019.
The Portuguese National Energy Climate Plan 2030 establishes a strong commitment towards increasing the share of renewable energies in the country’s mix – more so in relation to the onshore wind and ground-mounted solar energy technologies, which, according to the document, are the ones that will receive most investments and are expected to increase the most in installed capacity. For this reason, the permit and authorisation process will focus on these technologies.

1. Site election; 2. Electricity production licence; 3. Administration authorisation and 4. Grid connection

• Directorate-General of Energy and Geology (DGEG)
• Energy Services Regulatory Authority (ERSE)
• Portuguese Environmental Agency (APA)
• Regional Coordination and Development Commission
• Secretary of Spatial Planning and Nature Conservation
• State Secretariat of Forestry and Rural Development
• Regional Directorate for Agriculture and Fishery (DRAP)
• Distribution System Operators
• Retailers of Last Resort
• City Councils

Portugal’s heating and cooling (H&C) grids, while less extensive than electricity grids, are integrated into the national energy strategy and increasingly subject to regulation focused on renewable energy and energy efficiency improvements. Heating and cooling services are typically decentralised and managed at the local level, with isolated district heating projects established in some urban areas.

• Strategic Importance and Development Goals: Portugal’s 2030 National Energy and Climate Plan (PNEC 2030) and 2050 Carbon Neutrality Roadmap outline goals to decarbonise heating and cooling by increasing the share of renewable energy and improving energy efficiency. Efforts to implement geothermal, biomass, and solar thermal sources in H&C systems are growing in regions with high demand, especially urban areas and some industrial zones​.
• Regional and Local Management: Local authorities are empowered to create district heating projects and must align with national efficiency goals and renewable energy targets. The Autonomous Regions of Madeira and Azores are also encouraged to develop H&C systems that leverage local renewable resources.

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The use of heating and cooling (H&C) grids is primarily regulated by local authorities, who oversee the rights and obligations of both suppliers and consumers. Regulations ensure that heating services remain affordable and accessible, especially in areas with higher heating needs.

• Consumer Rights and Pricing: The Energy Services Regulatory Authority (ERSE) provides guidance on consumer rights and cost structures, ensuring affordability and transparency for H&C services, particularly in urban district heating. Consumers are entitled to stable pricing mechanisms, with renewable integration incentives provided to reduce dependency on fossil fuels​.
• Efficiency and Environmental Standards: ERSE also oversees efficiency standards for connected H&C systems to minimize environmental impact, requiring periodic assessments to ensure compliance with emissions and energy-saving goals outlined in Portugal’s 2030 National Energy and Climate Plan (PNEC 2030). These standards include thermal loss minimisation, emissions tracking, and energy source reporting requirements for H&C system operators.

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Electrical grids are operated under a regime of concession, as follows:

• Mainland Portugal:
  • Low-voltage grids belong to municipalities, with 99% managed by E-REDES.
  • Medium and high-voltage grids are also operated by E-REDES.
  • Redes Energéticas Nacionais (REN) exclusively operates very-high-voltage transmission.
• Island Grids:
  • Madeira’s and Azores’ grids operate independently as isolated microgrids exempt from some EU directives, with EEM (Empresa de Electricidade da Madeira) and EDA (Electricidade dos Açores) operating under regional concessions. In the islands of Madeira and the Azores, the local LV, MV and HV grids are operated under concessions from the respective Regional Governments by EEM in Madeira and EDA in the Azores.
  • The electrical power systems of the Azores and Madeira islands are considered isolated microgrids since, according to Article 26 of this directive, they have been exempted from the application of Directive 2003/54/EC.
  • The island grids are not interconnected with the mainland or interconnected among them, except for the case of the island of Culatra in the Algarve, where there is an MV interconnection with the mainland.
  • The grids of the islands of Berlenga, and in the South of Portugal (Algarve), are operated by the Portuguese DSO E-Redes.
  • On the island of Culatra, there is a pilot project of a community of renewable energies.
• Municipal Concession Framework: New provisions limit low-voltage distribution grid concessions to 20-year terms, while MV and HV concessions, managed by REN, have a 50-year limit, subject to extensions based on public interest considerations​.
• ​Pilot and Technological Free Zones: Zonas Livres Tecnológicas (Technological Free Zones) have been designated for innovation in renewable integration, supporting experimental projects in three defined regions for oceanic, agro-energy, and hybrid renewable development​.
• In Madeira as well as in the Azores, there are strategic policy documents issued by the regional governments defining ambitious targets for renewable energy integration, as follows:
  • Plano de Ação para a Energia Sustentável da Ilha da Madeira approved by  Resolução n.º 244/2012 do Conselho do Governo da Região Autónoma da Madeira;
  • Estratégia Açoriana para a Energia 2030, defined in Resolução do Conselho do Governo n.º 92/2018, de 7 de agosto.

Priority to renewable energy RESP (Public Service Electricity Grid) operators must prioritise electricity from power generation centres that use renewable energy sources, except for hydroelectric plants with an installed capacity of more than 30 MW (art. 17 of DL 76/2019).

Storage and Hybridisation

Stand-alone storage above 1 MW is now regulated, with licenses required for higher-capacity projects. Hybrid renewable plants are permitted under existing connection agreements, promoting flexible energy solutions​. 

Island-Specific Codes

According to Regional Regulatory Decree n.º 8/2019/M in Madeira and forthcoming Azorean codes, additional technical criteria like reactive power modulation and fault recovery for grid-connected generation are stipulated. Grid connection is allowed for producers who manage to obtain reserve grid capacity either by: i) obtaining a grid capacity reserve title issued by a distribution system operator (DSO).; ii) agreement made between the producer and the distribution operator; and iii) a tender procedure (art. 5-A DL 76/2019). The grid capacity reserve title can be obtained by filling out a form available on DGEG’s website. In the form, amongst other things, producers must choose one of the DSOs available for their undertaking (either Energias de Portugal, EDP, or Redes Energéticas Nacionais, REN), and specify the power and voltage of their electricity production units.

Grid connection requires a capacity title, with options for access via tender, direct distribution system operators (DSO) agreements, or Directorate-General for Energy and Geology (DGEG)-issued title reserves. Production licenses are needed for larger plants, with regional codes applicable in Madeira and the Azores. Producers must have obtained a grid capacity reserve title and, for plants with more than 1 MW of installed capacity, a production license and an exploitation license. A contract for the acquisition and sale of the energy produced between producers and the retailer of last resort must also be agreed upon before the plant is connected to the grid (art. 20-B DL 76/2019).

In Madeira, there is a specific grid code designed for the connection of generation facilities (RES included) to the electrical grids of this Region - Decreto Regulamentar Regional n.º 8/2019/M that presents the Regulamento da Rede de Transporte e de Distribuição de Energia Elétrica da Região Autónoma da Madeira.
The main technical requirements in Madeira are much more demanding, even for low generation capacities, and include the following items:
-    Ranges of injections of reactive power in steady state mode;
-    Local dynamic modulation of active and reactive power as a function of voltage;
-    Under and over-voltage fault ride-through;
-    Sensitivity to under- and over-frequencies;
-    Recovery of active power after faults;
-    Dynamic control of active and reactive current during faults.
In the Azores, specific requirements have been defined for the connection of RES generation by the local utility, EDA, and include:
-    Ranges of injections of reactive power in steady state mode;
- Under-voltage fault ride-through;
-    Sensitivity to overfrequencies.
A specific grid code for the Azores islands grids will be prepared, similarly to what happened for Madeira. 
There are no grid-interconnected islands in the archipelagos of Madeira and Azores.

In the islands of Berlengas and Culatra, the general requirements are defined by Portaria n.º 73/2020.

Rights and obligations of customers and prosumers

The general rights and obligations of consumers and prosumers are defined in Decree-Law 15/2022, from January 2022, that establishes the organisation and functioning of the Portuguese electric power system, such as self-consumption and energy-sharing arrangements, including for renewable energy communities (RECs).

Rights and obligations of plant operators

Plant operators, encompassing electricity producers and storage facility managers, are integral to the National Electrical System (NES) in Portugal. Their rights and obligations are outlined in Decree-Law No. 15/2022, of 14 January. Key responsibilities include:

• Grid Connection: Operators have the right to connect their facilities to the public electricity network, provided they meet technical and regulatory standards. They must coordinate with the relevant DSO or Transmission System Operator (TSO) to establish the necessary infrastructure;
• Data Provision: Operators are obligated to supply accurate and timely data on electricity production and, if applicable, storage activities. This information supports grid management and ensures the reliability of the electricity supply;
• Compliance with Technical Standards: Operators must adhere to established technical standards and regulations to maintain grid stability and safety. This includes compliance with the Network Operation Code (ROR), which outlines conditions for managing electricity flows and ensuring real-time balance between demand and generation;
• Participation in System Services: Operators may be required to participate in system services, such as providing flexibility resources or balancing services, to support the overall efficiency and reliability of the NES. 

Metering and Reporting

The Portuguese Energy Services Regulatory Authority (ERSE) has implemented a Smart Grid Services Code (RSRI) to enhance the efficiency and transparency of electricity distribution. This code mandates the installation of smart meters for all low voltage customers in mainland Portugal by the end of 2024. These smart meters facilitate:

• Daily Remote Meter Reading: Providing detailed 15-minute interval data on consumption and generation, accessible through an electronic platform.
• Accurate Billing: Ensuring bills are based on actual consumption, eliminating the need for estimates.
• Local Meter Access: Allowing customers to access near real-time data directly from their meters.
• Remote Service Management: Enabling remote adjustments to contracted power and other services without on-site visits, with reduced scheduling times.
• Consumption Alerts: Providing notifications regarding consumption levels and usage relative to contracted power.

Tasks of the DSO/TSO

There are several other regulations and norms that define the roles and tasks of the TSO and DSO. These regulations have been defined by the Portuguese Regulator ERSE and are:

• Regulamento de Operação das Redes (Manual of Operations of Grids);
• Manual de Procedimentos da Gestão Global do Sistema (Manual of Procedures for the global management of the System)

DSOs and TSOs handle operational, reliability, and efficiency standards per ERSE’s regulations, such as the Manual of Grid Operations and the Global System Management Procedures.

The TSO REN is the network operator of the transmission grid. It is responsible for planning, construction, and management of the transmission grid and interconnections under appropriate reliability conditions. It is also responsible for monitoring the security of supply.

The DSO E-Redes is the network operator of the LV, MV, and HV distribution grids. It is responsible for planning, construction, and management under appropriate efficiency and reliability conditions.

Role of the National Regulatory Agency (NRA)

The Regulator – ERSE – is an independent entity with competences to organize regulations on Access to the grids, Commercial relations, Tariffs, Quality of Service, Approval of investment plans on the grids. ERSE activities are extended to the electrical grids of the islands of Madeira and Azores.

Priority for RES and curtailment 

Renewable energy has priority access, with low curtailment rates thanks to flexible balancing, although fixed-price solar contracts may still be curtailed when necessary​. Priority to renewable energy RESP (Public Service Electricity Grid) operators must give priority to electricity from power generation centres that use renewable energy sources, except for hydroelectric plants with an installed capacity of more than 30 MW (art. 17 of DL 76/2019).

Thanks to its integration of renewable sources in the balancing market (especially wind power) and the flexibility and availability of other sources, Portugal has quite low curtailment rates. Solar operators who sell energy at a fixed price under the terms of a tender may be subject to curtailment without additional compensation.

Grid use/management rules on islands

In the islands of Madeira and Azores, the Internal Electricity Market Directive does not apply, which means that there is only a single company taking care of the activities of generation, transmission, distribution and commercialisation of electricity. In Madeira, EEM (Empresa de Electricidade da Madeira) is 100% owned by the Regional Government of Madeira, and in the Azores, EDA (Electricidade dos Açores) is 51% owned by the Regional Government of the Azores. However, renewable generation activity can be pursued by independent private companies in both Regions.

• Investment costs by producers: Producers may bear costs for grid upgrades if necessary to support their projects, prioritising minimal environmental impact and cost-efficiency, according to article 16 of Decree-Law 76/2019 of 3 June, rectified by Declaration of Rectification no. 36/2019 of 30 July.
• New Grid Development Incentives: Intensive consumers and producers over 50 MWh are now required to invest in renewable energy infrastructure as part of their concession obligations, either by installing local renewable capacity or contributing financially​.
• Mandatory Investment Plans: Both transmission system operators (TSOs) and distribution system operators submit biennial investment plans to ERSE, which evaluates and approves them, ensuring transparency and alignment with national energy objectives.

Procedure

Grid development plans and investments are conceived by both the transmission operator (REN) and the distribution system operators via a 5-year investment plan. However, if producers are willing to invest in the improvement of grid infrastructure so as to better accommodate their projects, they can do so by entering into an agreement with the distribution operator, in which producers state their willingness to bear the costs arising from the renovations and constructions in the grid (art. 5 of DL 76/2019). System operators must always choose solutions that minimise environmental impacts and incur less costs to the electricity system (art. 16 of DL 76/2019).

Role of the TSO/DSO

The TSO is the network operator of the transmission grid. It is responsible for planning, construction, and management of the transmission grid and interconnections under appropriate reliability conditions. The TSO is also responsible for monitoring the security of supply.

The DSO is the network operator of the LV, MV, and HV distribution grids. It is responsible for planning, construction, and management under appropriate efficiency and reliability conditions.

Obligations and rights of plant operators

Both TSO and DSO are required to present to the regulator every two years a plan of investments for the reinforcement and expansion of their grids. After these investments are approved, the corresponding costs are reflected in the grid tariffs.

The same procedure applies to the grids of the islands of Madeira and Azores.

• Directorate-General for Energy and Geology (DGEG); 
• Energy Services Regulatory Authority (ERSE); 
• E-REDES / Energias de Portugal (EDP); 
• Redes Energéticas Nacionais (REN).

Portugal's electricity distribution is managed by several DSOs, each responsible for specific regions:

• E-REDES: The primary DSO, covering mainland Portugal;
• EDA: Serves Autonomous Region of the Azores;
• EEM: Operates in the Autonomous Region of Madeira.

These operators ensure the distribution of electricity across their respective territories. 

The transition to smart grids is a pivotal element of Portugal's energy strategy. The Energy Services Regulatory Authority (ERSE) has mandated that all low voltage consumers in mainland Portugal be integrated into smart grid infrastructures by the end of 2024. By the close of 2023, approximately 75% of standard low voltage installations had already been incorporated into the smart grid. This digital transformation enhances real-time monitoring, remote management, and the efficient integration of renewable energy sources. 

Smart meter penetration rate

The smart meter penetration in Portugal mainland is more than 70%. This rate in Madeira is 7,5% (100% in Porto Santo and 4,3% in Madeira). In Azores the smart meter penetration rate is 100 % for the MV consumers and 0% at LV level. However, in Azores all prosumers are equipped with bidirectional smart meters.

Policies on digitalisation of the electricity grid

In the islands, since there are no trader companies, there aren’t any aggregators.

Specific rules for islands, isolated grids, microgrids, local grids, etc.

In both Madeira and Azores archipelagos there are no electrical interconnections between the grid islands.

The liberalisation of Portugal's electricity market has fostered a competitive environment with multiple active suppliers. ERSE (Energy Services Regulatory Authority) publishes an annual report detailing the electricity and natural gas markets, which includes information on active suppliers and market dynamics. These reports provide insights into the number of suppliers, market shares, and the overall competitive landscape. 

ERSE (Energy Services Regulatory Authority) is responsible for establishing tariff methodologies that determine the pricing structures for electricity consumers. These methodologies are designed to reflect the actual costs of energy production, transmission, and distribution, while promoting efficiency and transparency. Tariff structures are periodically reviewed to align with market developments and policy objectives, ensuring fair pricing for consumers and sustainability of the energy system. 

Feed-in Tariffs (FiTs) and Solar Auctions: Initially, Portugal employed Feed-in Tariffs (FiTs) to encourage renewable energy generation. However, in recent years, the country shifted to competitive auctions to determine remuneration for new renewable energy projects.

• 2019 Solar Auction: This auction set a record with the lowest bid at €14.76/MWh, marking a significant milestone in Europe's renewable energy landscape;
• 2022 Floating Solar Auction: Portugal continued its innovative approach by awarding contracts for floating solar projects, including a notable 70 MW project at the Alqueva reservoir. 

Remuneration Schemes:

• Contract for Differences (CfD): Recent auctions have utilised the CfD model, providing a stable price framework for renewable energy producers over a set period;
• Contribution to the System (CtS): This scheme requires producers to pay the auction-determined price to the grid operator, with revenues based on the wholesale market price minus the strike price.

Microgrids and Island Communities:

• General Remuneration: Currently, there are no specific remuneration schemes tailored for microgrids or island-based renewable energy projects;
• Renewable Energy Communities: Portugal promotes the development of renewable energy communities to enhance local energy generation and consumption;
• Culatra Island Initiative: The "Culatra 2030" project aims to transform Culatra Island into a sustainable energy community, focusing on energy independence, waste management, and freshwater production. 

Portugal is committed to integrating renewable energy sources into its National Electrical System (SEN). The Multiannual Strategic and Financial Plan 2023-2027 outlines objectives to enhance the share of renewables in the energy mix, improve energy efficiency, and promote active consumer participation. This plan emphasises the development of smart grids, investment in energy storage solutions, and the facilitation of decentralised energy production, such as self-consumption and local energy communities. 

These initiatives collectively aim to ensure a sustainable, resilient, and consumer-centric energy system in Portugal.

In Portugal all the island territories follow the same national law, applicable to the electrical facilities in all country on matters related with the activities of generation, energy storage, auto-consumption, transmission, distribution, trading of electricity, as well as organization of markets, issue of guarantees of origin, unless when there is specific regional legislation on some specific matters. Decree-Law 15/2022, from January 2022, is the law of the national electric system (SEN – Sistema Elétrico Nacional).

The Relevant European Legislative Framework that was transposed into the Portuguese legislation correspond to: 

• Internal Electricity Market Directive: DIRECTIVE (EU) 2019/944
• Renewable Energy Directive: DIRECTIVE (EU) 2018/2001

The national grid code, where the requirements for generation are specified, is described in Portaria n.º 73/2020 from 16 March 2020. This legal document transposes and adapts the EU Regulation 2016/631 from 14 April 2016.

Additional updates as of 2023 include:

• Network Access and Interconnections (RARI): implemented under Regulation 818/2023, this code defines rules on network access, capacity management, and interconnection planning. It aims to increase transparency in grid operations and efficient capacity allocation across high, medium, and low-voltage networks.
   
• Self-Consumption and Renewable Energy Communities: expanded guidelines in Decree-Law n.º 15/2022 enable broader self-consumption rights, streamlined licensing, and the option to form energy communities, allowing multiple users to share renewable energy generation.
   
• Municipal Contributions: for facilities with over 50 MVA, operators must provide free public access to energy facilities or charging stations, or compensate municipalities proportionately.

Portugal has implemented a range of support mechanisms to enhance its electricity sector, focusing on financial incentives, non-financial assistance, and specific provisions for the Autonomous Regions of Madeira and the Azores. These initiatives are overseen by designated competent authorities to ensure effective implementation and regulation.

The Portuguese government has significantly revised its renewable energy targets since the initial NECP 2030 document. The updated plan now aims for renewables to constitute 85% of electricity production by 2030, an increase from the previous 80% target. Moreover, electricity generation from renewable energy sources in Portugal includes tax benefits such as corporate income tax deductions for research and development in renewable technologies, potential exemptions from municipal property taxes for renewable installations, and favourable energy taxation regimes for energy produced from renewable sources.

Financial Support Mechanisms

• Feed-in Tariffs and Auctions: The Portuguese government offers feed-in tariffs to encourage investments in renewable energy technologies. Additionally, competitive auctions, particularly in the solar energy sector, have been established to manage the high demand for electricity production permits and to optimise grid capacity allocation.
• Incentive Programmes: Programmes such as "More Sustainable Buildings", from the Environmental Fund, provide subsidies to promote the integration or enhancement of sustainable, energy-efficient features in buildings.

Non-Financial Support Mechanisms 

• Technical Assistance and Capacity Building: The Directorate-General for Energy and Geology (DGEG) offers technical support and develops regulations to promote energy efficiency and the integration of renewable energy sources.
• Policy and Regulatory Frameworks: The government has established comprehensive policies, such as the National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) 2030.

Specific Support for Madeira and Azores Islands

• Madeira: In Madeira, efforts are underway to enhance energy storage and increase the penetration of renewable energy sources. The region is focusing on projects that promote energy efficiency, the transition to electric mobility, and the development of energy storage solutions to reduce reliance on thermal power plants.
• Azores: The Azores have implemented the PROENERGIA programme, an incentive system designed to boost energy production from renewable resources within the region.

• Energy Services Regulatory Authority (ERSE)
• Directorate-General of Energy and Geology (DGEG)
• Azores Regional Directorate of Energy (DREn)
• Ministry of Environment and Energy
• Environmental Fund

As of February 2025, the Portuguese government has updated its National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) with more ambitious targets for renewable energy integration. The revised plan aims to achieve 93% renewable energy in electricity consumption by 2030, an increase from the previous target of 85% . Additionally, the government intends to meet 51% of the country's final energy needs with renewables by 2030, up from the earlier goal of 47%. In the heating and cooling sectors, the NECP has set an indicative target of 63% renewable energy share by 2030.

These solutions are supported through subsidies and a tax regulation.

Financial Support Mechanisms

• More Sustainable Buildings Programme (Programa de Edifícios Mais Sustentáveis): This Environmental Fund programme supports energy efficiency improvements, including the installation of efficient heating and cooling systems.
• Energy Efficiency Fund (Fundo de Eficiência Energética - FEE): This public fund provides financial assistance to projects aimed at enhancing energy efficiency across various sectors, including residential heating and cooling.
• Tax Exemptions for Biofuels: To promote the use of renewable energy in heating and cooling, Portugal offers tax exemptions for biofuels utilized for energy purposes.
• PROENERGIA: an incentive programme aimed at increasing energy production from renewable resources in the Azores region.

Non-Financial Support Mechanisms

• Technical Training and Certification: Portugal mandates professional training and certification for installers of renewable energy systems, including solar thermal installations. This ensures high standards in the installation and maintenance of heating and cooling systems.
• Regulatory Frameworks: The country has implemented regulations requiring energy performance certification for buildings, promoting transparency and encouraging improvements in heating and cooling efficiency.
• Energy Saving Plans: The Portuguese government has moved beyond the 2022-2023 Energy Saving Plan, adopting the National Energy and Climate Plan 2030 to enhance renewable energy use and cut emissions.

• Ministry of Environment and Energy
• Environmental Fund
• Azores Regional Directorate of Energy (DREn)
• Directorate-General for Customs and Excise
• Directorate-General for Energy and Geology (Direção-Geral de Energia e Geologia - DGEG)
• Madeira Regional Directorate of Energy (DREn)

The National Energy Efficiency Action Plan includes measures targeting the transport sector, such as reducing the number of older light-goods vehicles, decreasing average CO2 emissions for new cars, and promoting the use of monitoring equipment in vehicles.

According to the updated goals set for the transportation sector in its National and Energy Climate Plan 2030, Portugal aims for renewables to account for 29% of final energy consumption in transport by 2030. Additionally, Portugal has set a more ambitious target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 55% compared to 2005 levels. 

The improvement in efficiency and the decarbonisation of the sector will be primarily achieved through fleet renewal, including grants, subsidies and incentives for individuals and businessess to acquire low-carbon and electric vehicles, as well as the expansion of charging infrastructure. 

Further measures include tax reductions for vehicles that meet low-carbon, sustainable standards and the implementation of quota systems to raise consumer awareness regarding the share of renewable energy in their final consumption.

• Subsidies and Grants

  Nationwide Incentives:

  • Grant for the acquisition of low-carbon, electric vehicles;
  • Grant for the acquisition of electric light goods vehicles;

  Regional Incentives:

  • Madeira Region: the Electric Mobility Incentive Programme in the Madeira Autonomous Region (PRIME-RAM) offers financial incentives for acquiring electric vehicles.
• Tax Regulations - reduction of taxes for vehicles with hybrid engines.
• Biofuel Quota - in order to promote transparency, certificates of guarantee of origin are issued to inform consumers about the proportion of renewable energy in their final energy consumption. This measure aims to raise awareness and encourage the use of renewable energy sources.
• Infrastructure Support - financial incentive for the acquisition of charging stations. 

• Ministry of Environment and Energy: Oversees national policies and incentives related to electric mobility.
• Regional Directorate of Energy (DREn): Manages energy-related initiatives in the Azores.
• Regional Directorate of Economy and Land Transport (DRETT): Responsible for economic and transport affairs in Madeira, including the PRIME-RAM program.
• Directorate-General for Customs and Excise: Handles tax regulations and exemptions for vehicle imports and registrations.
• Institute for Mobility and Transport (IMT): Regulates transport policies and vehicle certifications.
• Environmental Fund (EF): Provides financial support for environmental initiatives, including EV incentives.
• Energy Services Regulatory Authority (ERSE): Regulates energy services, ensuring compliance and overseeing the energy market.